The South Sea Bubble has been called: the world’s first financial crash, the world’s first Ponzi scheme, speculation mania and a disastrous example of what can happen when people fall prey to ‘group think’. That it was a catastrophic financial crash is in no doubt and that some of the greatest thinkers at the time succumbed to it, including Isaac Newton himself, is also irrefutable. Estimates vary but Newton reportedly lost as much as £40 million of today’s money in the scheme. But what actually happened?
It all began when a British joint stock company called ‘The South Sea Company’ was founded in 1711 by an Act of Parliament. It was a public and private partnership that was designed as a way of consolidating, controlling and reducing the national debt and to help Britain increase its trade and profits in the Americas. To enable it to do this, in 1713 it was granted a trading monopoly in the region. Part of this was the asiento, which allowed for the trading of African slaves to the Spanish and Portuguese Empires. The slave trade had proved immensely profitable in the previous two centuries and there was huge public confidence in the scheme, as many expected slave profits to increase dramatically, especially when the War of the Spanish Succession came to an end and trade could begin in earnest. It didn’t quite play out like that however… Continue Reading from Historic UK
South Sea Bubble, 1720: A Research Portal (Harvard Business School, Baker Library)
The South Sea Bubble (Encyclopedia Britannica)
The Year is 1720 and the South Sea Company has Some Stock to Sell (Library of Congress)
The "South Sea Bubble," 1720 (European History Online)
The South Sea Bubble (Historic UK)
The South Sea Bubble of 1720 (UK National Archives)
What was the South Sea Bubble? (Royal Museums Greenwich)
The South Sea Bubble Timeline ((Harvard Library Curiosity Collections)
South Sea Bubble Bursts (SchoolHistory.org.uk)
Famous First Bubbles (Journal of Economic Perspectives)
The Myth of the South Sea Bubble (Transactions of the Royal Historical Society)